The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit
Central Theme
The concept of the "Embodied Spirit" serves as a central theme in the course "Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person." Understanding this notion helps navigate fundamental questions about human nature and identity.
Definition of "Embodied Spirit"
Embodiment Defined
Embodied: The term refers to materialization or incarnation, indicating that the spirit takes on a tangible form within the human experience.
Embodied Spirit: This phrase signifies the inseparable union of body and soul. It emphasizes that the body and soul are not merely coexisting entities but are interdependent and co-constitutive of what it means to be human.
Understanding the Human Person
The human person is characterized as a unique convergence of body (material) and soul (spiritual).
This understanding reveals distinct human characteristics such as consciousness, self-awareness, and the capability for complex reasoning and emotional responses.
Recognizing oneself as an embodied spirit reinforces the notion that human experiences are inherently linked to both physical existence and spiritual consciousness.
Philosophical Context
The course also introduces the philosophical context surrounding the embodied spirit, particularly through the works of Aristotle and Plato, providing contrasting views on the nature of the human person.
Plato's Doctrine
Metaphysical Dichotomy: Plato proposes a separation between body and soul. He suggests that the body is material, mutable, and destructible, whereas the soul is immaterial, immutable, and indestructible.
Dependency of Body and Soul: According to Plato's dialogue in "Phaedo," the body relies on the soul for its existence, while the soul independently exists beyond the physical realm.
Conclusion: Plato concludes that a human person is essentially the soul utilizing a body; thus, personal identity is rooted in the soul's existence.
Structure of the Soul According to Plato
Plato delineates the soul into three distinct parts:
Rational: Found in the head, this part of the soul is responsible for logical thinking and guidance of other soul aspects.
Spiritual: Centered in the chest, it represents the source of emotions and drives that animate a person.
Appetitive: Located in the abdomen, this part governs physical desires and instincts necessary for survival.
Examples of Soul Dynamics in Action
Desire vs. Reason: The conflict faced by a thirsty individual confronted with polluted water exemplifies the struggle between appetitive desires and rational decision-making.
Anger and Control: A person's reaction to an insult illustrates how rational thought can modulate emotional responses and urges driven by both spirit and appetite.
Contrasting Views: Aristotle
Aristotle's philosophy presents a significant counterpoint to Platonic dualism, emphasizing the inherent unity of body and soul.
He rejects any notion of separability between the two, positing that they are intrinsically linked in the essence of being human.
Aristotle's Definition of Soul
Psyche: In Greek philosophy, the term for soul (psyche) is viewed as the principle of life. Any living entity possesses a soul that animates it, making it distinct from non-living things.
Interdependence: The body serves as matter, and the soul is considered its form; thus, the soul is not merely an aspect but the very essence that animates the body and gives it life.
Aristotle's Soul Hierarchy
Aristotle identifies three types of souls, each with distinct functions:
Vegetative (Plants): Capable of growth, reproduction, and nourishment.
Sensitive (Animals): Possess both vegetative functions and faculties for sensation, enabling responses to their environment.
Rational (Humans): Incorporates all characteristics of both sensitive and vegetative souls while additionally possessing the capacity for abstract thought and reason.
Conclusion on Human Identity
Humans are encapsulated as rational animals whose sense desires, emotions, and thoughts are all embodied in their experiences. This philosophical exploration provides a rich understanding of what it means to be a human person, harmonizing the physical and spiritual aspects of existence.
